Manual


As in CCGrebank, pronouns have category NP.

This includes reflexive pronouns. They are treated as regular arguments of their verbs.

This also includes “dative” pronouns such as mi in Mi piace viaggiare.

This also includes the Dutch and German generic pronouns men and man.

Expletive Pronouns

Expletive pronouns are marked with the expl feature (thus have category N[expl]) if and only if they stand in for an extraposed clausal argument. “Weather pronouns” do not get this feature. Both the expletive pronoun and the extraposed clause are then arguments of the verb. For example:

Es
NP[expl]
ist
((S[dcl]\NP[expl])/S[em])/(S[adj]\NP)
doof
S[adj]\NP
(S[dcl]\NP[expl])/S[em]
> 0
,
S[em]/S[em]
dass
S[em]/S[dcl]
es
NP
regnet
S[dcl]\NP
S[dcl]
< 0
S[em]
> 0
S[em]
> 0
S[dcl]\NP[expl]
> 0
S[dcl]
< 0
.
S[dcl]\S[dcl]
S[dcl]
< 0

Indefinite Pronouns

Indefinite pronouns such as something and somebody normally have category NP as well, but when they are further specified by a prepositional phrase, they take that as an argument:

something
NP/PP
like
PP/NP
this
NP
PP
> 0
NP
> 0

Conversely, if what further specifies an indefinite pronoun is an adjectival phrase, a verb phrase or a relative clause, it has category N and the specifying phrase turns into N\N via type changing:

something
N
to
(S[to]\NP)/(S[b]\NP)
behold
(S[b]\NP)/NP
(S[to]\NP)/NP
> 1
N\N
*
N
< 0
NP
*

Pro-drop

Subject pronouns are frequently dropped in Italian. We then give the verb a category with no subject argument, as this is what derivation projection should aim for to achieve semantic equivalence. For example:

Voglio
S[dcl]/(S[b]\NP)
dormire
S[b]\NP